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Measure: La prueba de sentarse y levantarse

My Plan

Con qué facilidad te levantas de una silla, o te pones de pie desde el suelo, es una de las lecturas más rápidas de las que dispones sobre la fuerza del tren inferior, el equilibrio y lo bien que estás envejeciendo. Dos pruebas sencillas le ponen cifra. La prueba de levantarse de la silla en 30 segundos cuenta cuántas veces te levantas por completo en medio minuto.

La prueba de sentarse y levantarse del suelo puntúa cuánto apoyo necesitas para llegar al suelo y volver a levantarte, sobre diez. Ambas reflejan la fuerza y la potencia de las piernas, y en grandes cohortes una puntuación más baja se acompañó de un mayor riesgo de perder la independencia y de morir antes. También es una puntuación que puedes entrenar: cargar las piernas y practicar el movimiento la mejoran, junto con la fuerza que la sostiene.

Findings & Outcomes

What It Is

The sit-to-stand is the everyday movement that independence depends on: standing up from a chair, and getting up off the floor. Two tests turn it into a number. The 30-second chair stand counts how many times you can rise fully and sit fully in half a minute with your arms crossed, and it tracks lower-body strength closely. The sitting-rising test, or SRT, scores how you get onto the floor and up again, out of ten. It marks off a point for each hand or knee you lean on. Together they measure leg strength and power, balance and flexibility, the capacities that let you stand up under your own control.

This is one of the few self-measures you can also train. The exercises that raise the score, squats, chair rises and step-ups, are the same ones that build leg strength. So a low result is a starting point for training.

How To Do The Test

You need a firm chair without arms, a stopwatch, a little floor space, and, for the floor test, something solid within reach. Do the chair stand first. Attempt the sitting-rising test only if getting down to and up from the floor is already something you do without difficulty.

  1. Set the chair against a wall

    A straight-backed chair without arms, seat height 17 inches (43.2 cm), the validated height, placed against a wall so it cannot slide. Sit in the middle of the seat, back straight, feet about shoulder width apart and flat on the floor, one foot slightly ahead of the other.

    Seat height is part of the test. A soft sofa or a high stool gives a number that will not compare to the published figures.

  2. Cross your arms and stand fully, then sit fully

    Arms crossed at the wrists against the chest, and there they stay for the whole test. Rise to a full stand, then sit all the way down. Pushing off your thighs measures something else. A full stand and full sit is one repetition.

    Count complete stands in 30 seconds. If you are more than halfway up when time is called, that counts as a stand. If you need your arms to rise at all, the score is zero. A zero is a valid result, so write it down.

Compare the count to your age and sex. Rikli and Jones published reference ranges for the chair stand from the Senior Fitness Test. For a man in his early sixties the middle range is roughly 14 to 19 stands. For a woman it is roughly 12 to 17. Both drift lower each decade. Falling under your band marks reduced lower-body capacity now, and it does not lock in a decline. The US Centers for Disease Control uses the same test inside its STEADI fall-risk screen, flagging a count below the age and sex average as increased risk. The full age and sex table sits alongside the fall-risk work on our balance and falls page.

The sitting-rising test is harder. You lower yourself all the way to the floor and rise back to standing, loading the legs and hips through a far greater range than a chair stand. It was built and studied in a Brazilian exercise-medicine cohort.

  1. Start standing, on a firm and non-slippery surface

    Barefoot or in grippy footwear, in loose clothing, on a floor that will not slide. A firm rug over a hard floor is safer than bare tile. From standing, lower yourself to sitting cross-legged on the floor, then rise back to standing, using as little support as you can.

    Do it at your own unhurried pace. Speed is not scored. Have a wall or a sturdy chair within reach.

  2. Score the way down and the way up, out of ten

    Start from five points for sitting down and five for standing up. Take off one point each time you use a hand, a forearm, a knee, or the side of a leg for support. Take off half a point if you lose balance or wobble noticeably.

    Add the two halves for a score from 0 to 10. A ten means you got down and up with no support at all; leaning on one hand each way lands around eight.

What The Score Means

A low score is a signal about the whole lower body, and it does not pin down any one cause. What each study can show depends on how it was built. The mortality associations are cohort findings. A low score partly reflects the health a person already has, not only their future risk. Each association below also has a specific confounder. The training result is pooled from randomized trials, which is why it can speak to cause. The chair stand is also part of the standard test batteries geriatric medicine relies on, so its meaning is well understood.

The Research & Studies

Everything here is based on the research we have collected and checked, sorted into groups and ordered with the strongest evidence first. Click any claim to open the studies behind it.

Progress Markers

Quienes obtuvieron el peor rendimiento en las pruebas de piernas, incluidos cinco levantamientos de silla, tenían de 4.2 a 4.9 veces más probabilidades de presentar discapacidad en cuatro añosStrong
In plain terms

Entre las personas mayores que partían sin discapacidad, quienes obtuvieron los peores resultados en una serie de pruebas sencillas de piernas, entre ellas levantarse de una silla cinco veces, tenían de cuatro a cinco veces más probabilidades de presentar discapacidad cuatro años después.

In detail

Guralnik y sus colegas siguieron a 1122 adultos que vivían en la comunidad, de 71 años o más, que no referían discapacidad y podían caminar media milla y subir escaleras. La evaluación inicial incluyó equilibrio en bipedestación, una caminata cronometrada de 8 pies y cinco levantamientos de silla cronometrados. A los cuatro años, quienes tuvieron el peor rendimiento presentaban de 4.2 a 4.9 veces más probabilidades de discapacidad en actividades de la vida diaria o de movilidad, y quienes tuvieron un rendimiento intermedio, de 1.6 a 1.8 veces más, en comparación con quienes tuvieron el mejor rendimiento, tras ajustar por edad, sexo y enfermedad crónica.

Who this may not transfer to:Community-dwelling adults aged 71 and older who began with no disability, so it speaks to older people, not to the middle-aged.

The study · 1

Guralnik et al., lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability · N Engl J Med 1995;332(9):556-61

Cada punto en la prueba de sentarse y levantarse de 10 puntos predice aproximadamente un 21 % menos de riesgo de muerte en seis añosModerate
In plain terms

Las personas que podían bajar al suelo y volver a levantarse con poco o ningún apoyo vivieron más tiempo que quienes necesitaban las manos, las rodillas o mucha ayuda. Cada punto de diez equivalía aproximadamente a un quinto menos de riesgo de morir en unos seis años.

In detail

Brito y sus colegas puntuaron a 2002 adultos (68 % hombres) de 0 a 5 para sentarse y de 0 a 5 para levantarse, restando un punto por cada mano o rodilla utilizada y sumando ambas para una puntuación de 0 a 10. A lo largo de una mediana de 6.3 años hubo 159 muertes (7.9 %). Ajustados por edad, sexo e índice de masa corporal, los cocientes de riesgo fueron de 5.44, 3.44 y 1.84 en las bandas de puntuación de la más baja a la más alta, y cada incremento de un punto conllevó una mejora del 21 % en la supervivencia.

Who this may not transfer to:A single Brazilian exercise-medicine cohort skewed 68 percent male, so the size of the association in women and in other populations is less certain.

The study · 1

Brito et al., ability to sit and rise from the floor as a predictor of all-cause mortality · Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014;21(7):892-8

Las muertes fueron del 3.7 % con una puntuación perfecta en la prueba de sentarse y levantarse hasta el 42.1 % con la puntuación más baja, a lo largo de doce añosModerate
In plain terms

Un seguimiento más amplio y prolongado de la misma prueba encontró el mismo patrón para las muertes por causas naturales y cardíacas: quienes obtuvieron las puntuaciones más bajas tuvieron varias veces más probabilidad de morir en los siguientes doce años que quienes se levantaron del suelo con limpieza.

In detail

Araujo y sus colegas siguieron a 4282 adultos (68 % hombres) durante una mediana de 12.3 años, periodo en el que fallecieron 665 (15.5 %). Las tasas de mortalidad en los cinco grupos de puntuación fueron del 3.7 %, 7.0 %, 11.1 %, 20.4 % y 42.1 %, de mejor a peor. Ajustado por edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal y variables clínicas, el grupo más bajo presentó un hazard ratio de 3.84 para la mortalidad natural y de 6.05 para la mortalidad cardiovascular frente al grupo más alto.

Who this may not transfer to:Same Brazilian research group and clinic population, again 68 percent male, so it confirms the pattern within one setting, not across independent populations.

The study · 1

Araujo et al., sitting-rising test scores predict natural and cardiovascular causes of deaths in middle-aged and older men and women · Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025 (online ahead of print)

Una batería de función de piernas que cronometraba cinco levantamientos de silla predijo la muerte y el ingreso en residencias en más de 5000 personas mayoresModerate
In plain terms

Una breve batería de pruebas de movimiento que incluye levantarse de una silla cinco veces predijo quién moriría o ingresaría en una residencia, y diferenció el riesgo incluso entre las personas que decían no tener problemas para desplazarse.

In detail

Guralnik y sus colegas evaluaron la función de las extremidades inferiores en más de 5000 adultos de 71 años o más en tres comunidades, mediante el equilibrio en bipedestación, una caminata cronometrada de 8 pies y el tiempo para completar cinco levantamientos de silla, combinados en una escala de rendimiento. Tanto las pruebas individuales como la escala resumida predijeron la mortalidad a corto plazo y el ingreso en residencias en modelos multivariantes, y diferenciaron un gradiente de riesgo entre las personas con buena funcionalidad que referían casi ninguna discapacidad, información que el autoinforme por sí solo no captaba.

Who this may not transfer to:More than 5,000 adults aged 71 and older across three communities, so it applies to older populations, not younger ones.

The study · 1

Guralnik et al., a short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function, prediction of mortality and nursing home admission · J Gerontol 1994;49(2):M85-94

No superar la prueba de sentarse y levantarse cinco veces implicó 4.22 veces más probabilidades de caídas y 24.70 veces más probabilidades de discapacidad en tres añosModerate
In plain terms

Las personas que no podían levantarse de una silla cinco veces, o que lo hacían despacio, tenían más probabilidades de caerse y muchas más de perder la independencia en las tareas cotidianas durante los tres años siguientes.

In detail

Zhang y sus colegas registraron la capacidad y el tiempo para la prueba de sentarse y levantarse cinco veces en 948 adultos de 60 años o más. A los tres años, la incapacidad para completar la prueba predijo caídas con un odds ratio de 4.22, calificado por los autores como marginal, y predijo la discapacidad de forma mucho más fuerte: odds ratios de 24.70 para actividades básicas y de 17.10 para actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria. Tardar más de 16.6 segundos implicó un odds ratio de 4.22 para la discapacidad en actividades instrumentales, y de 13.7 a 16.6 segundos, un odds ratio de 2.49.

Who this may not transfer to:Sex breakdown not reported, and a slow chair-rise time can reflect conditions that independently raise fall and disability risk, so read it as a marker, not a cause.

The study · 1

Zhang et al., performance on five times sit-to-stand task as a predictor of subsequent falls and disability in older persons · J Aging Health 2013;25(3):478-92

Muscle And Strength

El entrenamiento de fuerza mejora el rendimiento al levantarse de una silla (DME de -0.94) y la fuerza de piernas (DME de 0.84)Strong
In plain terms

A diferencia de otros marcadores que solo se pueden observar, este cambia con el entrenamiento. Levantar pesas dos o tres veces por semana hizo que las personas mayores mejoraran notablemente al levantarse de una silla, ganaran fuerza en las piernas y caminaran algo más rápido.

In detail

La revisión Cochrane de Liu y Latham agrupó 121 ensayos aleatorizados de entrenamiento de fuerza progresivo en personas mayores (6700 participantes), habitualmente con dos o tres sesiones semanales de mayor intensidad. Levantarse de una silla mejoró con una diferencia de medias estandarizada de -0.94 (11 ensayos, 384 participantes; un tiempo menor es mejor, por lo que el signo negativo indica una ganancia), la fuerza muscular con una DME de 0.84 (73 ensayos), la capacidad física con una DME de 0.14 (33 ensayos), y la velocidad de marcha aumentó 0.08 m/s (24 ensayos).

Who this may not transfer to:Pooled across many trials, protocols and older-adult populations, so the average effect may be larger or smaller in a specific program or person.

How to use it

Dado que la prueba de sentarse y levantarse responde al entrenamiento, una puntuación baja es motivo para cargar las piernas (sentadillas, repeticiones de sentarse y levantarse, y subidas al escalón) dos o tres veces por semana, y no solo una advertencia que anotar. Mejorar la puntuación mejora la fuerza subyacente que refleja, algo que no todas las automedidas pueden ofrecer.

The study · 1

Liu and Latham, progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults · Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(3):CD002759

Measurement And Diagnosis

La prueba de sentarse y levantarse durante 30 segundos es un indicador aproximado de la fuerza de piernas, con una correlación de r = 0.78 en hombres y 0.71 en mujeresModerate · mixed
In plain terms

Cuántas veces puedes levantarte de una silla en 30 segundos, con los brazos cruzados, refleja de cerca tu fuerza de piernas medida y da casi el mismo resultado si lo repites. Por eso contar las repeticiones es un buen sustituto de la fuerza del tren inferior.

In detail

Jones, Rikli y Beam evaluaron a 76 adultos que vivían en la comunidad (edad media de 70.5 años) con dos pruebas de sentarse y levantarse de 30 segundos y dos pruebas de prensa de piernas máxima en días distintos. Las correlaciones intraclase test-retest fueron de 0.84 (hombres) y 0.92 (mujeres). El número de repeticiones se correlacionó con la prensa de piernas ajustada por peso con r = 0.78 (hombres) y 0.71 (mujeres), y las puntuaciones disminuyeron en cada década desde los 60 hasta los 80 años y fueron más bajas en las personas menos activas, lo que respalda su validez como medida de fuerza.

Who this may not transfer to:A small validation sample of generally active older adults, so the strength of the correlation may differ in frailer or younger people.

The study · 1

Jones, Rikli and Beam, a 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults · Res Q Exerc Sport 1999;70(2):113-9

Los puntos de corte de la prueba de sentarse y levantarse para edades de 60 a 94 años, obtenidos de 2140 adultos, marcan la fuerza asociada con la independenciaModerate · mixed
In plain terms

Existen valores de referencia publicados por edad y sexo para la prueba de sentarse y levantarse que marcan la fuerza de piernas asociada con mantener la independencia física en la vejez. Puntuar por debajo de tu franja indica una capacidad reducida, no un declive garantizado.

In detail

Rikli y Jones obtuvieron estándares de condición física de referencia criterial a partir de 2140 adultos mayores con funcionalidad moderada en una base de datos transversal del Senior Fitness Test, anclados a una medida de independencia física y a investigación longitudinal sobre capacidad y envejecimiento. Los estándares ofrecen puntos de corte de la prueba de sentarse y levantarse por sexo para edades de 60 a 94 años, con indicadores de fiabilidad y validez entre 0.79 y 0.97.

Who this may not transfer to:Cut-points derived from moderate-functioning older adults aged 60 to 94, so they describe that group, not a tested forecast for a given individual.

The study · 1

Rikli and Jones, development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later years · Gerontologist 2013;53(2):255-67

How it works

La potencia de piernas disminuye antes y más deprisa que la fuerza, y determina en gran medida lo bien que te levantas de una sillaModerate
In plain terms

Levantarse rápido requiere potencia, la capacidad de generar fuerza con rapidez, y la potencia disminuye antes y más deprisa que la fuerza bruta a medida que envejecemos. Eso explica en buena parte por qué levantarse de una silla se vuelve difícil, y por qué merece la pena practicar levantamientos rápidos y controlados, no solo los lentos y pesados.

In detail

Reid y Fielding revisan la evidencia de que la potencia muscular de las extremidades inferiores disminuye antes y de forma más pronunciada que la fuerza con el avance de la edad, y que la potencia máxima ha surgido como un predictor más discriminante de las limitaciones funcionales. Su modelo de trabajo considera la potencia de las extremidades inferiores como un vínculo clave entre el deterioro muscular, la limitación funcional y la discapacidad, razón por la cual la velocidad al levantarse de una silla, y no solo si se logra hacerlo, aporta información.

Who this may not transfer to:A mechanistic synthesis of human data on older adults, so it explains why rising behaves as it does, not quantifying an effect in one defined group.

How to use it

Dado que la potencia disminuye más rápido que la fuerza, entrenar el levantamiento de silla como un movimiento rápido y controlado, levantándote con intención en lugar de hacerlo lentamente y con esfuerzo, entrena la capacidad que envejece más deprisa, junto con trabajo más pesado del tren inferior para la fuerza.

The study · 1

Reid and Fielding, skeletal muscle power, a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults · Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2012;40(1):4-12

Two limits apply to all of these findings. First, these tests blend several capacities. A low SRT can come from tight hips as much as from weak legs, and the chair stand leans on stand-up technique alongside strength. Second, these are observational studies, so the mortality links are associations and cannot establish cause.

A low score is a reason to train the legs, and to see a clinician if it arrived quickly or came with pain, weakness or numbness.

How To Improve It

The strength and power this test measures respond well to training. The core of it is the movement itself, loaded. Sit-to-stand repetitions are an exercise as well as a test: stand up and sit down from a firm chair, arms crossed, for two or three sets. Make it harder over time by slowing the lowering, pausing at the bottom, or holding weight against your chest. Add squats to a chair or bench, step-ups onto a stair, and split squats, two or three sessions a week, hard enough that the last few repetitions are difficult. Because leg power fades faster than raw strength with age, practice some stands briskly and with intent, standing up fast under control, alongside the slower heavy work.

For the floor test, practice the transitions directly. Get onto the floor and back up a few times with support nearby, leaning on your hands less as it gets easier. The full case for loading the legs, and the free bodyweight version, is on our resistance training page. The balance side, weight shifting and single-leg work, is on balance and falls.

Go Deeper

  • Self-measures: the wider set of tests you can do at home with a chair, a wall and a stopwatch, and what each one predicts.
  • Resistance training: how to load the legs so the score, and the strength under it, actually move.
  • Balance and falls: the balance half of staying steady, and the full age and sex chair-stand norms.
  • Biological aging: where physical-capacity markers like this one sit among the ways aging is measured.

The Chinese Medicine View

The tradition maps the standing body across three organ systems, a different vocabulary from muscle physiology for describing where the body tends to give way with age. The Spleen governs the muscles and flesh (脾主肌肉). So weak, wasted or heavy limbs are understood through Spleen Qi, the body's vital energy, and its work of turning food into usable substance. The Kidney governs the bones (腎主骨) and stores the Essence that makes marrow, the classical seat of the low back and knees and of strength declining with age. The Liver governs the sinews (肝主筋), the tendons and ligaments that give movement its quality, kept supple by Liver Blood. Setting this map against what an older person actually reports is an interesting parallel, not confirmation that the three-organ framework is physiologically accurate.

Standing itself has a place in the tradition as rooted Qi. The legs are the foundation, and internal arts train sinking the weight and the breath low, into the lower dantian, so the stance is settled and connected to the ground. The Lingshu describes what happens as the deeper reserves empty. When the sea of marrow is insufficient, the head spins, the ears ring, the shins ache, and the person wants to lie down. As a description of an unsteady, weak-legged older body, it fits.

The tradition also does not ask the same effort of everyone. The Neijing holds that exertion consumes Qi (勞則氣耗). So someone depleted, tired out of proportion to what they did, is pointed toward short and frequent practice that stops well short of exhaustion. If you have a practitioner, ask them about this, because the answer depends on your pattern.

Cautions For This Practice

Everything to be aware of is here, in one place. This practice suits most healthy people; a few situations call for real care.

Do the floor test only if it is safe for you

Work on firm, non-slip ground with a wall or a solid chair to steady yourself, and have someone nearby the first time. If deep bending of the hips or knees is painful, use the chair stand alone and leave the floor test out. The same goes if you have had a recent hip or knee replacement, or an acute back or joint problem.

Stop for any warning sign and get support for the chair stand if you are unsteady

Stop any test for chest pain or pressure, sudden breathlessness, dizziness, or a fast or irregular heartbeat, and seek medical advice. If you have fallen in the past year or feel unsteady, do the chair stand beside a counter with something to hold. Treat that unsteadiness as a reason to be assessed by a clinician.

A score reflects capacity, it does not diagnose

Build up gradually. Start with fewer repetitions and less load than you think you can manage, and add slowly.

Start slow, be smart, read the research, and consult a professional if you have any concerns. This is here to inform your choice, not make it for you.

Common Questions

What is a good 30-second chair-stand score for my age?

The number that matters most is your own, tracked over time. A single pass mark tells you less than the way your 30-second count moves over months. Retest under the same conditions, same chair height, arms crossed, and watch the trend. A count that climbs means the training is working; one that drops is a reason to look at why.

What does the sitting-rising test actually measure?

Getting down onto the floor and standing again draws on leg strength, leg power, balance, flexibility and body weight all at once. That breadth makes it a fast screen but a poor way to pinpoint any single weak capacity. In the same cohort, 4,282 adults were followed a median of twelve years. Deaths ranged from about 4% in those who scored a perfect ten to 42% in the lowest group. The pattern held for heart-related deaths too.

If I practice the test, does my health actually improve, or just my score?

Both improve, because the chair stand is built on lower-body strength. Across pooled randomized trials, resistance training gave a moderate to large improvement in rising from a chair, alongside large gains in leg strength. Whether a higher score then lowers a specific future risk, such as a fall, is a separate question the training trials were not built to answer.

Why is standing up getting harder as I get older?

A large part of it is muscle power, the ability to produce force quickly. That power fades earlier and faster with age than raw strength does. Rising from a chair or the floor is a burst of power, so it is where the decline shows first. Training the power back, not just slow heavy lifting, is what keeps you rising; the resistance training page has the how.

Is the chair stand or the floor test better for me?

The chair stand is safer, easier to score consistently, and enough for most people to track lower-body strength over time. The floor test is a harder challenge that also captures flexibility and balance and adds getting off the floor, a skill that matters if you fall. If you are older, unsteady, or managing a joint problem, the chair stand alone is the sensible choice. If you move well and want the fuller picture, the floor test adds information the chair stand cannot.

Explore Related

Other pages this one connects to, by the evidence they share, the outcomes they touch, and the ground they cover.

Shares a source · 4 shared The at-home body numbers that predict health: grip, walking speed, balance, the chair stand, waist, resting pulse, and blood pressure done right. How to measure each without fooling yourself.
Shares a source Your usual walking pace is a simple, powerful readout of whole-body health. What it predicts, how to time the 4-meter walk, what each speed band means, and how to raise it.
Shares a source Training the muscles that grip: the blood-pressure effect that gripping itself produces, why a weak grip predicts death and disease without causing them, and how to train grip.
Shares a source Short all-out sprints and jumps raise fitness and blood sugar in little time, load the hip bones, and build fast power that steady cardio and slow lifting do little for. High-force work that needs a base first.
Related evidence How hard you can squeeze is one of the simplest, strongest readouts of how well you are aging. What the number predicts, how to test it, the reference ranges, and how to raise it.
Related evidence VO2 max is one of the strongest predictors of how long and well you will live, and it is very trainable. Field tests and wearable methods, how accurate each is, and how to raise it.

All 9 sources on this page independently checked and cross-referenced.

Thomas Dehli, Founder & Editor, Sacred Lotus

Sacred Lotus has published Chinese medicine reference material since 2001. Integrative pages are held to the same standard as the herb and formula library: cite the source, grade the claim at its real strength, and say where the research has not looked. This page is educational and it is not medical advice. Last reviewed and updated August 10, 2026.